On the wedding day, August 24, 1572, the Catholics of France took the festivities as an occasion for a wholesale slaughter of Protestants in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. ." The dynasty provided two kings of Spain, Charles III (1759-88) and Philip V (1700-46), as well as rulers of Parma, Naples, and Sicily. 25 Jul. A prince with the rank of fils de France (Son of France) is surnamed "de France"; all the male-line descendants of each fils de France, however, took his main title (whether an appanage or a courtesy title) as their family or last name. Encyclopedia.com. Louis XIII was only nine years old when he succeeded his father. Henry's marriage to Margaret, which had produced no heir, was annulled in 1599 and he married Marie de Medici, niece of the grand duke of Tuscany. Though it is not as powerful as it once was and no longer reigns in its native country of France, the House of Bourbon is by no means extinct and has survived to the present-day world, predominantly composed of republics. He tried to flee France in June 1791, but was captured. His coat of arms are: "D'azur, fleurs-de-lys d'or sans nombre, l'cu bris d'un bton ou cotice de gueules, brochant sur le tout, avec couronne de fils de France. At his death Louis had reigned longer than any other king in the history of Europe. " Although a monarchist who praised the pre-Revolutionary France of "thirty kings and forty provinces," he pinned his hope of monarchical restoration on the Count of Paris, . . He was Duke of Anjou and probably never expected to be raised to a rank higher than that. Per page: 15 30 50. [2] He was born on 13 December 1553 in the Kingdom of Navarre. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. In 1514, Charles, Count of Vendme had his title raised to Duke of Vendme. The new king oversaw the Spanish transition to democracy, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognized the monarchy. Translated by Mark Greengrass. His kingdom was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina (surrendered on 12 March), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted three days longer. He arranged for Louis' sister, Henrietta Maria, to marry King Charles I of England, on 11 May 1625. Joseph abandoned Naples to Joachim Murat, the husband of Napoleon's sister. However, when Louis XVI was put on trial and later "guillotined" (executed) by the revolutionaries National Convention in France in 1793, they somewhat contemptuously referred to him in written documents and spoken address as "Citizen Louis Capet" as if a "commoner" (referring back to the Medieval origins of the Bourbon Dynasty's name and referring to Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty). The Bourbon family faced a more serious threat in 1521. However, King Charles II of Spain, dying without issue, willed the throne to his grand-nephew the Duke of Anjou, who was the younger grandson of his eldest sister Marie-Thrse, who had married Louis XIV. [2] Their son Louis was made Duke of Bourbon in 1327. Under his great-grandson, Louis XV, France lost several major wars in Europe and North America, further damaging the kingdom's finances and leading to the widespread unrest that brought about the French Revolution. Thus began the War of the Three Henrys, as Henry of Navarre, Henry III, and the ultra-Catholic leader, Henry of Guise, fought a confusing three-cornered struggle for dominance. Buisseret, David. The title of duc de Bourbon passed in 1503 to Charles de Bourbon-Montpensier, who was to become famous as constable of France. He reconverted to Catholicism in 1593 he is said to have remarked, "Paris is well worth a mass"[11] and was crowned king retroactively to 1589 at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bourbon-family-and-dynasty, "Bourbon Family and Dynasty The House of Hesse traces its line back to 841, the House of Welf-Este and the House of Wettin are both emerging in the 10th century (and so do some Italian non-ruling houses like the Caetani or the Massimo family), whereas most of the other ruling families of Europe only turn up to the light of history after the year 1000. With their encouragement, the apparatus of government expanded dramatically, as did the state's investments in culture; the Bourbons showed themselves keenly aware of the propaganda value of artistic sponsorship, most dramatically in works associated with the palace of Versailles. The family was established as the hereditary lords of Bourbon and vassals of the Capetian dynasty that established the French monarchy in the late tenth century. By the 1400s, the power of the Bourbons led them to challenge the French crown. ." To secure his throne, Henry converted to Catholicism in 1593. The Capetian house of Valois (UK: / v l w / VAL-wah, also US: / v l w , v l w / va(h)l-WAH, French: ) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589.Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orlans, Anjou, Burgundy . In 1584, after the death of the younger brother of the king, Henry of Navarre became next in line for the throne. The House of Bourbon (English: /brbn/, also UK: /brbn/; French:[bub]) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France and is a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Victor Amadeus II (1666-1732) was Duke of Savoy, king of Sicily, and king of Sardinia. The situation came to a head when he appointed a new minister on 8 August 1829 who did not have the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, Henry IV (France) (15531610; Ruled 15891610) The term "bounty" comes from the French word for "bonaparte," as well as the term "dynasty." This sequence contains leaders from the same family. His descendants included not only the potential pretenders to the French succession but also the Bourbon descendants of the heiress of the last emperor of Brazil. With the abdication of Napoleon on 11 April 1814 the Bourbon dynasty was restored to the Kingdom of France in the person of Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. At age 7 Nicolas V de Villeroy[13][14] became the teacher of the young king. The main childhood places of Louis XIV were the Palais-Royal and the nearby Htel de Villeroy. But the dynasty's principal characteristic was its successful affirmation of strong kingship, compounded of military, bureaucratic, and ritual elements. The Bourbons lost the throne of France for a first time in 1792 and finally in 1830 after a sixteen-year restoration. 18 September 2012;", Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. The people of Parma voted for a union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860. His subjects revolted in 1820 and he was forced to grant a constitution; Austria invaded in March 1821 at his request and revoked the constitution. This brought France into conflict with Russia and Austria who supported Augustus III, Elector of Saxony and son of Augustus II. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. Ferdinand was succeeded by his son, Francis II, in May 1859. Henri Iv, The first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty of France, Henri IV was king from 1589 until his assassination in 1610. The son of Guy de Dampierre and Mahaut de Bourbon, Archambaud VIII, took the name and arms of his mother, "de Bourbon", the House of Bourbon-Dampierre. In the Treaty of The Hague, signed on 17 February 1720, Philip renounced his conquests of Sardinia and Sicily, but he assured the ascension of his eldest son by Elisabeth to the Duchy of Parma upon the reigning duke's death. A number of states such as Netherlands, Piedmont, were strengthened on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. The family grew steadily in wealth, power, and prestige. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/bourbon-dynasty, "Bourbon dynasty By an ordinance of Louis Philippe I of 13 August 1830, it was decided that the king's children (and his sister) would continue to bear the arms of Orlans, that Louis-Philippe's eldest son, as Prince Royal, would bear the title of Duke of Orlans, that the younger sons would continue to have their existing titles, and that the sister and daughters of the king would be styled Royal Highness and "d'Orlans, but the Orlans dynasts did not take the name "of France.. War against the regicide French government under the Convention (17931795) was followed by a new Spanish alliance with France, sealed by the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1796), which lasted despite vicissitudes until the Napoleonic invasion of 1808. She was only three years old and Maria Cristina, her mother, served as regent. [CDATA[ The Bourbon dynasty succeeded to the French throne in 1589, following the assassination of the last Valois king, the childless Henry III. DEWALD, JONATHAN "Bourbon Dynasty (France) Members of the House of Bourbon-Cond and its cadet branches, which never ascended to the throne, used the surname "de Bourbon" until their extinction in 1830. The infante Don Carlos, the future Charles III of Spain, was the founder of the Bourbon fortunes in Italy. Philip had two sons by his first wife. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Henry IV1553-1610King of France. See also Divine Right Kingship ; France ; Henry IV (France) ; Louis XIII (France) ; Louis XIV (France) ; Louis XV (France) ; Louis XVI (France) ; Versailles. In 1700, when the king of Spain died without an heir, Louis contested the throne of Spain with the Habsburg dynasty of Austria. He died in 1941. After the peak of its power, the Bourbon dynasty gradually went into decline. Richelieu advanced an anti-Habsburg policy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Norman Yoke - As Duke William of Normandy in 1066, subjugate England. France's Bourbon Dynasty Is Restored Summary. The Lords of Bourbon, 9th century until 1196. Their son, Louis XIII, set France on a path toward absolute monarchy. For six years Louis reformed the finances of his state and built formidable armed forces. Bourbon monarchs first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. Henry IVs heirs were kings of France uninterruptedly from 1610 to 1792, when the monarchy was suspended during the first Revolution. Initially, the regency was held by Philippe, Duke of Orlans, Louis XIV's nephew, as nearest adult male to the throne. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. He married Marie Antoinette of Austria, a daughter of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, in 1770. Noun 1. . On this principle, the senior Bourbon became the rightful king of France on the extinction of the legitimate male line of the Valois. Didot, 1825, p. 45. BOURBON DYNASTY (SPAIN). This family became lords of Navarre, a small kingdom on France's southern border with Spain, in 1555. The Bourbon monarchy in France ended on 24 February 1848, when Louis Philippe was forced to abdicate and the short-lived Second Republic was established. 25 Jul. After Charles died, the king tried him for treason and seized all the Bourbon lands. Maria Theresa died in 1683 and the next year he secretly married the devoutly Catholic Franoise d'Aubign, Marquise de Maintenon. In 1589, when the king of France was assassinated, King Henry III of Navarre became the first Bourbon king of France as Henry IV. ." The name House of Bourbon was then used to describe the entire House of France, officially since 29 June 1768, date of death of Hlne de Courtenay (16891768), with which was extinguished the Capetian House of Courtenay, extinction which made the House of France the only branch dynasty resulting from the dukes of Bourbon. [16] When he died in 1824 his brother became king as Charles X much to the dismay of French liberals. His mother Anne served as his regent with her favorite Jules, Cardinal Mazarin, as chief minister. Like his Italian Bourbon counterpart, his subjects revolted against him in January 1820 and he was forced to grant a constitution. Philip V was followed on the throne of Spain by his son Ferdinand VI (17131759; reigned 17461759), who married Barbara of Braganza (17111758), daughter of the king of Portugal. However, since that surname was not heritable for descendants of rank lower than Son of France, and since Philippe had already given up his French titles, his descendants simply took the name of their royal house as their surname ("de Bourbon", rendered in Spanish as "de Borbn"). Louis died on 1 September 1715 ending his seventy-two-year reign, the longest in European history. 375. House of BourbonDescended from France's ruling Capetian dynasty, the house of Bourbon became monarchs of France, Spain and southern Italy. Philip abdicated in January 1724 in favor of Louis I, his eldest son with his first wife, but Louis died in August and Philip resumed the crown. In the Treaty of Utrecht, signed on 11 April 1713, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but his renunciation of succession rights to France was affirmed and, of the Spanish Empire's other European territories, Sicily was ceded to Savoy, and the Spanish Netherlands, Milan and Naples were allotted to the Austrian Habsburgs. The king recognized Charles as the new head of the Bourbon family and married him to his own sister-in-law, Franoise d'Alenon. Though the settlement of 173538 obliged him to renounce Parma in order to win international recognition as king of Naples-Sicily, Parma was eventually secured for his brother Philip (Don Felipe) under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748with the proviso, however, that he and his heirs should renounce it in the event that they succeeded to Naples-Sicily or to Spain. Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, and thus her successors, who have reigned in Luxembourg since her abdication in 1964, have also been members of the House of Bourbon. The term House of Bourbon ("Maison de Bourbon") is sometimes used to refer to this first house and the House of Bourbon-Dampierre, the second family to rule the seigneury. In 1824 Charles X, brother of Kings Louis XVIII and Louis XVI, was the next member of the Bourbon dynasty to ascend to the throne as King of France. . Under the will of the childless Charles II, the second grandson of King Louis XIV of France was named as his successor, to preclude the union of the thrones of France and Spain. He was succeeded by his son, Charles III, and grandson, Robert I, in 1854. The present article attempts a rapid survey of the dynasty as a whole, relying mainly on genealogical tables to display necessary details. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"OzypBJb68itB3ERnzsZZ6.PSA0qX.i9a45YQEW9dj3Y-86400-0"}; When the direct line died out in 1328, the house of Valois, genealogically senior to the Bourbons, prevented the latter from accession to the French crown until 1589. The emperor's forces captured the French king in 1525. Princes and Dukes of Bourbon from 1327 to 1830. Legitimists then recognized the pretender Henry V (Henri Dieudonn dArtois, count de Chambord), the grandson of Charles X. The House of Bourbon is a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty that descended from a younger son of King Louis IX of France. It was sparked in the year 1517 by Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The line of La MarcheVendme had been subdivided since the end of the 15th century between a senior line, that of Vendme (with ducal rank from 1515 onward), and a junior one, that of La Roche-sur-Yon. Charles passed several laws that appealed to the upper class, but angered the middle class. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: house of Borbn, house of Borbone. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. More than thirty years after the onset of the French Revolution, he sought to embody the continuity of the . During the 1560s, the Bourbons became involved in the French Wars of Religion. The civil war now at an end, France grew into the most powerful, united kingdom in Europe. H enry IV was the first monarch in the Bourbon dynasty, which ruled France until the French Revolution of 1789. 427. England, the Netherlands, and Austria formed a coalition against the ambitious French. That same year the Treaty of Vervins ended the war with Spain, adjusted the Spanish-French border, and resulted in a belated recognition by Spain of Henry as king of France. Much of Catholic France, organized into the Catholic League, refused to recognize a Protestant monarch and instead recognized Henry IV's uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, as rightful king, and the civil war continued. The arrival of a Protestant on the throne of France raised the ire of Catholics, who rallied around Henry's uncle, Cardinal Charles de Bourbon. //]]>. He was held captive at the court for four years. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The family's fortunes reached a peak in 1589, when a Bourbon became king of France. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The Bourbon Duchy of Lucca (181547), on the other hand, was a creation of the Congress of Vienna: having assigned Parma to Napoleons estranged consort Marie-Louise for her lifetime, the Congress had to find some alternative compensation for the still-dispossessed Bourbons. The decline of the Bourbon dynasty can be traced to the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when France experienced a series of social, political and economic problems. The decline of the Bourbon dynasty is closely related to the financial difficulties it faced. [2] He was to prove a weak ruler; his reign was effectively a series of distinct regimes, depending who held the effective reins of power. He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was besieged and captured by the Piedmontese troops in February 1861. He was born in the town of Pau, the, Catherine de' Medici Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Other powers, particularly the Austrian Habsburgs, who had the next closest claims, objected to such a vast increase in French power. The mob headed through the marbled corridors adorned with art celebrating the Bourbon dynasty, towards the private apartment of the half-dressed Queen Marie Antoinette, as a bloodied guard ran . Arnulf (king of the East Franks) 887-899. Capetian (Robertian) dynasty. In 1700, King Charles II of Spain, a Habsburg, died without a son. Nevertheless, as a Protestant, Henry IV was unable to take Paris, a Catholic stronghold, or to decisively defeat his enemies, now supported by the Spanish. Bourbon dynasty synonyms, Bourbon dynasty pronunciation, Bourbon dynasty translation, English dictionary definition of Bourbon dynasty. Following Orlans' death in 1723, the Duke of Bourbon, representative of the Bourbon-Cond cadet line, became prime minister. Antoine de Bourbon, his father, was a ninth-generation descendant of King Louis IX of France. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, The first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty of France, Henri IV was king from 1589 until his assassination in 1610. Stanislas lost the Polish crown, but he was given the Duchy of Lorraine as compensation, which would pass to France after his death in 1766. 1, ed. ." Return to Power. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. This made the junior Bourbon-Vendme branch the genealogically senior branch of the House of Bourbon. [2], In the mid eighteenth century, the Bourbon monarchy had a faulty system for finance and taxation. Louise of Savoy, mother of the French king Francis I (reigned 15151547), attempted to seize some of the Bourbons' family lands. History Today Ltd. 2004. They also insisted on the sacredness of kingship itself. Louis' male-line descendants, the Princes de Cond, survived until 1830. (July 25, 2023). [2] In 1525, at the death of Charles IV, Duke of Alenon, all of the princes of the blood royal were Bourbons; all remaining members of the House of Valois were members of the king's immediate family. Ferdinand VI, second son of Philip V and his first wife, succeeded his father. Moote, A. Lloyd. Bod Chen Po - As a member of the Pugyel Dynasty, re-create the Empire of Tibet. He was defeated and fled the country in 1839. The Bourbon Dynasty owes its name to the marriage (1268) of Robert, count of Clermont, sixth son of king Louis IX of France, to Beatrice, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Its members were descended from Louis I, duc de Bourbon from 1327 to 1342. Most illustrious among them was Louis XIV, who brought absolute monarchy to its zenith in western Europe. Since the other powers, however, would not have tolerated the union of the Spanish kingdom with the French, Charles named neither Louis XIVs heir apparent nor the latters eldest son but, rather, the second of Louis XIVs grandsonsnamely, Philippe, duc dAnjou, who became king of Spain as Philip V. After the War of the Spanish Succession, the Peace of Utrecht (1713) left Philip in possession of Spain and Spanish America but obliged him to renounce any natural right that he or his descendants might have to France. Thus the head of the House of Bourbon became Juan, Count of Montizn of the Spanish line of the house who was also Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain, and had become the senior male of the dynasty by primogeniture. A from French. A French army invaded in 1823 and the constitution was revoked. It was given to his nephew, Philippe I, Duke of Orlans, brother of Louis XIV, whose descendants still bear the surname. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Bourbons ruled in Naples from 1734 to 1806 and in Sicily from 1735 to 1816, and in a unified Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1816 to 1861. As a Son of France, his actual surname was "de France". Devised by the French for the house of Bourbon-Parma in compensation for the impending annexation of Parma to France at a time when France still needed the goodwill of the Spanish Bourbons, it was dissolved as soon as Napoleon was ready to depose the latter. In 1716 old Louis XIV finally succeeded in dying. The Spanish Bourbons, after many disturbances in the 19th century, lost their sovereignty in 1931, but the Law of Succession promulgated in Spain in 1947 and General Francisco Francos subsequent choice of Juan Carlos as his successor resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1975. The Renaissance. She abdicated in favor of her son, Alfonso, in 1870, but Spain was proclaimed a republic for a brief time. The restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne placed two brothers of Louis XVI on the throne and encouraged them to attempt, with the support of foreign powers and Royalists of the old aristocracy, to reverse the revolutionary process and withdraw . . Five years later, he signed treaties with French Huguenots and with the Spanish. Encyclopedia.com. Shifting Fortunes. He continued to war with Spain until 1659. Robert de Clermont had married the heiress of the lordship of Bourbon (Bourbon-lArchambault, in the modern dpartement of Allier). After Napoleon's defeat, the Bourbons were restored in Spain in the person of Ferdinand VII. He named Juan Carlos de Borbn, a grandson of Alfonso XIII, his successor in 1969. After his father was killed in 1562, he became Duke of Vendme at the age of 10, with Admiral Gaspard de Coligny (15191572) as his regent. Last updated on November 10, 2022. The Valois dynasty began with Philip VI [3], who succeeded the last king of the House of Capet, Charles IV. ." The Renaissance. When the First Spanish Republic failed the crown was offered to Isabella's son who accepted on 1 January 1875 as Alfonso XII. . After the fall of the First French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. These alliances gave the Bourbons control of much of central and southwestern France. Following the 1870 collapse of the Second French Empire of Emperor Napoleon III, Henri was offered a restored throne. He was Duke of Berry only in name, so the surname of his children was taken from his first substantial duchy. Philip also used the War of the Austrian Succession to win back control of Parma. The Bourbon family traced its origin to Robert of Clermont (12561318), the sixth son of Louis IX of France. Ferdinand continued to rule from Sicily until 1815. The Bourbon Dynasty was a ruling family in France that ruled from the 15th century to the 19th century. Henry IV helped to end the, Bourdic-Viot, Marie-Henriette Payad d'Estang de (17461802), https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bourbon-family-and-dynasty. house of Bourbon, Spanish Borbn, Italian Borbone, one of the most important ruling houses of Europe. Whenever your king dies without an heir and you do not have RM's with large prestigious nations then a random French dynasty is chosen for your new King, Bourbon is a posibility. In 1461 Jean II, duke of Bourbon (14261488), was tried for treason after supporting a revolt against the king of France, Charles VII.

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