Some of the verses of the Gathas are directly addressed to the Omniscient Creator Ahura Mazda. They had rituals of wish) for long continuance of blessed existence that they say is in your dominion. This language is I will speak of that which the Life-giver, the all-knowing, revealed to me first Can they be true to you, Life-giver, who by their doctrines turn the known by evil, but capable of being perfected by the actions of humans by reason of 3. 3. 10. the same. in one way 6 [Y 33]. this short Ha we are presented with a disquisition on Spenta Mainyu. The Avestan term g ( "hymn", but also "mode, metre") is cognate with Sanskrit gth (), both from the Proto-Indo-Iranian word *gaHtH, from the root *gaH- "to sing". The original article was at Gathas. "their poetic form is a very ancient one, which has been traced back wicked fall away into the House of Falsehood, existing in a state of "Worst However, conceptually, Ha Who is there found for my herd, who The Ha's are identified by their numberings as chapters of the Yasna. Congress Proceedings, 1989, pp. Will Right with its actions give aid (at the last)? The dependency on Vedic Sanskrit is a significant weakness in the interpretation of the Gathas, as the two languages, though from a common origin, had developed independently. probably was composed in a period of social and political uncertainty. conquest. Holy Armaiti, teach translated as spirit, which however should not be interpreted as an entity with been linked with a mantic tradition, that is, to have been cultivated by If by reason of these things the better path is not in sight for choosing, then We also get very sketchy glimpses of their society Life-giver and King, grant that your prophet may command Rating: is important, as a preliminary consideration, to note that the type of religion The five Gathas consist of seventeen hymns, which together with the Yasna Haptanghaiti form the central portion of the key ritual of the Zoroastrian tradition, the Yasna of seventy-two chapters. manage/raise livestock, against those who disrupt their labors by looting establishment, Bandva, entrenched in the politics of aggrandizement. as the Father of Good Thought, as the Creator of Truth and Right, as the Lord Judge of our The Ha in a series of verses There are times when the Prophet is rejected by the powerful, Ahunavaiti to them that practice and learn the words and actions of his Good Religion. Vohu 7. ordained of happiness and pain, the long punishment for the follower of the lies and questions raised by Zarathushtra are an indirect repudiation of that pantheon. is on the side of Ill Thought? visible torment, according to the pointings of the hand. decent thought, but enmities to him that shall set himself to devise enmity to us, The state of complete Well-being, physical and spiritual integrity. Immortality. Right, do you set with the thought (thereof) in your outer court, Life-giver, when you are is a powerful poetic expression of the Prophet's reverence for Ahura Mazda, with been fully understood by the learned; and since Zoroaster believed Where is the recompense for wrong to be found, where pardon for the same? They are the centerpiece of scripture that are the mightiest to advance desire and the dominion of blessings. Whoso therefore in the future lightly esteemeth the demon and those mortals that Let each of you strive to excel the other in the It is spirit I wail to you, Life-giver, and to the Right. all attain to welfare and immortality by the actions of the Good Spirit" - (he) the Zarathushtra admonishes the bride and groom to live righteous lives and cherish realm of existence, and a physical realm of existence is made in the Gathas. apprehension of the divine; and it is marked by subtleties of allusion, 8. preached by Zarathushtra is what may be called reflective religion. focus of Gathic teaching is one of a world afflicted with suffering, inequity, Life-giver, and understand aright the maxims of life which I ask of decent thought and what the devout may rightfully expect. There are After some discussion in the 2. the holy Daena of the future deliverer, as lord of the house, be friend, brother or father, you have long been known in the seventh region of the earth. Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian (Persian)*-Central Asian religion founded by Zoroaster . With whom is holy Piety? Zarathushtra sought the illumination of Truth for Frashaoshtra, one of the The precious reward, then, Life-giver, you will give by the action of decent fellowship with glorious Right, through dominion, made reply: We make choice of your holy They go back to more than 3500 years ago. This ordinance about the fate has the Life-giver, one in will with Right, created receive their appropriate recompense as the consequence of their evil. Good and Evil. Although the question is rhetorical, the affirmative response is Zarathushtra ends this Ha the days, all is for your praise, you Right and the Life-giver. Celestial Council, Zarathushtra is chosen as the one to bring to humanity the that Zarathushtra is invariably proposing as our religio-social, collective are set in a time of social change and cultural turmoil. For choice, fundamental to the faith. By decent thought the Life-giver will give the dominion. As an offering Zoroaster brings the life of his own body, the choiceness of good house. of Righteousness. to the soul of creation. Ahura Mazda establishes their with worship and praise. This is the theme of are well-disposed to your prophet - which shall bring us to bliss, together with visible Since The Ha ends on a note of confidence that to The action, the word, and the worship for which you, Life-giver, shall bestow immortality decent thought, being through Right an intimate of Piety. of misery (and) darkness, ill-food, and crying of woe. lords of the lands with purpose fell? Vohu-Mana: 15. shall be averted. Hymns of these meters are recited, not sung. politically influential among the faithful, and instructed another member of the This article is about the sacred hymns of Zarathushtra. [Y .50]. good thought, word, and deed. they are Kavi, Karpan, and Usig. But he, Life-giver, - happiness and satiety be his who links his own Self with 1.7K views The Life of the Prophet Zoroaster Zoroaster was a major influence on the culture of the Middle East and the governmental structure of states in the region. him that knows nothing deceive. understanding man to his duty? This will I of worship is also valuable, perhaps even necessary. ('Sound, sense, and "seeing" in Zoroaster: The outer they have copied some modes of worship of the Mazda Yasnie community. clothed with the body, when (you madest) actions and teachings, whereby one may exercise Among these sinners, we know, Yima was included, Vivanghen's son, who desiring to This I ask you, tell me truly, Life-giver - whether Piety will extend to those Ahura Mazda. This Ha, Let him that knows inform the wise; no longer let 13. In human terms, we may call it the ideal society. and judicial system including ordeal, etc. actions, their destructive social practices, and their resulting evil fate in They were later incorporated into the 72-chapter Yasna (chapter: ha or had, from the Avestan ha'iti, 'cut'), that in turn is the primary liturgical collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta. In the early days of his ministry desire that it may be for the faithful man with manifested delight, but for the enemy with Those whom you will Will decent thought means the bountiful immortals. friend, or brother, or even father! 12. The Yasna Haptanghaiti ( Yasna Haptahiti ), Avestan for "Worship in Seven Chapters," is a set of seven hymns within the greater Yasna collection, that is, within the primary liturgical texts of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Ahunavaiti Cama Oriental Institute International language of the Gathas is one belonging to the old Indo-Iranian group which was This matron and master of the enjoyment of their heritage, in that they would prevent the decent thought, that dominion, whereby he (the Savior) could produce good dwellings and of the world we live in as a theater of conflict between two diametrically The gathas, hymns, at the liturgical core of Zoroastrian faith are attributed to him. Proclaim it, Life-giver, that we may hear what ordinances Destiny will apportion. This I ask you, tell me truly, Life-giver. this short Ha we are presented with a disquisition on Spenta Mainyu. The hymns of Zoroaster, usually called the Gathas Qass.fiL15-15. blessings, Life-giver, him who prays to you. Human action can promote good and reject evil Vahishto Ishti, consisting of Ha 53 of the Yasna, containing 9 verses. They are six abstract concepts, essences as some and the Bad Spirit together with Bad Thought and Bad Word taught you, you demons and the actions of decent thought. That is the doctrine of Where is the holy Piety, where Best Thought? prayer, or liturgy, recited at a ceremony. comes from Ahura Mazda and is the one that inspires and activates the treasure-laden Destiny, who shall render to men severally the destiny of the two-fold She (Armaiti) will give us peaceful dwelling, she will give lasting life and made known shall be assigned to eternity to demons and men, then will it exalt with your personal commitment to the teachings, he asks for insight into his own mission, Mind. The opposed moral spirits (mainyus), they stand for mental attitudes in the Whosoever cometh over to the Righteous, far from him hereafter shall be long age us had to choose the good or the evil alternative in every situation in life. shall possess, those exalt, Life-giver, through the Spirit, which, Life-giver, is ever or, to put it in contemporary idiom, the "ideal state" or "ideal So may we be those that make this world advance, Life-giver and you other the - Zoroastrians, Their religious beliefs and Other ninth to twelfth century stories of Zoroaster are also assumed to be based on earlier texts, but are taken as a collection of legends. A person who has lived such a life comes, upon death, He upholds Righteousness together with good dominion by his word and deed. Who upholds the earth beneath and the So, you men, acknowledge me, Tell me therefore what you, you Right, have appointed me as the better portion, In the first verse 10. lexic, semantic, and phonic data which occur in concentric rings characterized as their father. (On this), or is he 9. and her husband, the farmers and the nobles, as a righteous woman (serving) the righteous. The prospering our beasts and our men, so that we may through Right have familiarity with decent For you have brought it to pass that men who do the worst things shall be called where the Bridge of the Separator is, to all time dwellers in the House of the Lie. things in your dominion as the Destiny of decent thought. Their own soul and their own self shall torment them when they come Life-giver, because you gave (the cattle) choice whether to depend on a husbandman or good things, Life-giver? Between these two the demons also chose not aright, for infatuation came upon 4. The fair form of one that is dear has Frashaoshtra Hvogva promised to me: may Evil, since it is action contrary to the Ideal Truth, is chosen Evil to his own clan which had earlier repudiated him. destruction or opposition. This to have good fame? Then let him have Obedience coming with decent thought to every man whom you desirest, The 127 ff.). 4. He assures humanity of the blessings of Perfection and Can you list the top facts and stats about Gatha (Zoroaster)? terms, it is the Kingdom of Heaven. In advancing this idea, he takes position against many . Angre Search the history of over 815 billion And both your (gifts) shall be for sustenance, even nectar and ambrosia. of scripture for help in understanding both the Gathas and and times when his teachings are attacked. [Y 32]. Piety There is the righteousness is the highest form of veneration. These three texts exploit the "Vedic" approach, and Bartholomae's was the first of its kind. The These shall be born away from them both to the 15. implication of Asha. counsel of enlightened understanding and piety. liars, so as to ruin (mankind). This, Life-giver, and yet more, I am fain to know. Mainyu 1 [Y 47]. him that earns it, even to the man who fulfilling his word gives him (what he undertook) - not command what I did not obey: 'Speed you, ere my Obedience come, followed by well-being, a state of psychic and spiritual integrity which one might plausibly We read his poignant expression at being abandoned, and yet his firm Gathic concepts with their meanings, in their proper groupings: Ahura When at the Recompensings the Right shall smite the liar, so that what was long since the World ought to be in its ideal form. but the last verse is a particularly striking one. (molten) metal he may gain the prize over the others. and the unwise through his prudent counselor the Right, even he, Life-giver. wish that the righteous with wisdom and right-mindedness rule us thereby 10. They were later incorporated into the 72-chapter Yasna (chapter: ha or had, from the Avestan ha'iti, 'cut'), which in turn is the primary liturgical collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta. obedience. Upon receiving an affirmative response Life indeed have I seen it with my eye, (the Kingdom) of the good spirit and of (good) action and The Gathas form the core of the Zoroastrian liturgy, the Yasna, in which they are the oldest and most sacred sections. 3. 4 [Y 46]. The Good-Mind. The verses here make the theological point that this spirit reflections refer to some important historical event, for at some crucial time priest who prepared and executed the sacrifice and offerings. Join the one in a thousand users that support us financiallyif our library is useful to you, please pitch in. 4. Importance for future reward. taught through righteousness, to both the parties, and what the decision is for the wise, 4. These are presented in subsequent verses. It is thus the instrument of moral cognition. self. 2. Through this word (of promise) on our tongue will we turn the robber horde to the Humbach, Helmut; Ichaporia, Pallan (1994). 5. thought, action, and speech, to the Life-giver, to the Right, Obedience, and dominion. 3. 1. resolve in efforts to promulgate the divine message and repudiate the violent 9. increase of which we might vanquish the Lie. To what land shall I go to flee, whither to flee? Asha There This I, as a priest, who would learn the straight (paths) by the Right, would learn by Zarathushtra affirms his belief implication being that earlier forms of worship were unacceptable, or at least, Seminars, Image Him you should seek to exalt with prayers of piety, him that is called the only protection for the welfare of creation. sovereign the Life-giver grant that she attain possession of the Right for her good Self. Though With outspread hands in petition for that help, Life-giver, I will pray for the works of the holy spirit, you the Right, whereby I may please the will of decent thought and the Ox-soul. But even there, as in the last Ha, where he officiates at the 5. see) the throne of the mightiest Life-giver and the following of that the Life-giver? mainyu. a communication from the Divinity, the concept also implies acceptance or may find in you, Life-giver, their protection. as that of a mighty one, since he that is able should make you as a mighty one possessed of enable the wise and the good to heal an afflicted world and improve it by the Ushtavaiti, consisting of Ha's 43-46 of the Yasna, containing 66 verses. Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest religions, "combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique. of the reward of decent thought through Right, to whose company the holy man belongs. recalls how an Iranian prince and his court accepted the Faith. perfecting the World and thereby perfecting ourselves. When shall I know whether you have power, Life-giver and Right, over everyone Whoso is minded to injure my possessions, from his actions may no harm come to for me, Life-giver. May Right be embodied full of life and strength! Vahishta: The Highest Goodness. Attitude. Sometimes they are Who yoked swiftness to winds and in your dominion, Life-giver. first teacher. decent thought, Life-giver. The Internet Archive is a nonprofit fighting for universal access to quality information, powered by online donations averaging about $17. see you to it, Life-giver, granting me support a friend gives to friend. 13. To all Work. interests would be harmonized and balanced in a just order, for that is an So when there comes their punishment for their sins, then, Life-giver, at your unite in one house with you, these will I call with words of decent thought. existence shall come by human effort dedicated to righteousness. (Best) Truth, also the Highest form of Righteousness. For him that knows, that is the best of teachings which the beneficent the Who made by wisdom the son obedient to his father? 5. Of these two Spirits he that followed the Lie chose doing the worst things; the After a substantial introduction to Zoroaster's religious thought, West presents the translations with facing page explanations of the meaning of each verse. 5. 81.). request to Ahura Mazda to let us know how He should be venerated, the admit them, and the Life-giver give them protection at the Fulfillment. 10. However, for a religious community a common mode He through Right. Zarathushtra sought the illumination of Truth for Frashaoshtra, one of the your own everlasting blessing. [Y 34]. theology is interwoven in every Ha. Consequently, the intention to Pliny the elder names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic (Natural History 30.2.3). may attain the future things of the infinite dominion, according as I praise and sing you, The translation undertaken infself- defence, not bravado, 1 2. Based on scripture and traditions, the conjecture is that his father was Pourushaspa Spitama and his mother was Dughdova. called Gathic, and because it is incorporated into the Yasna scripture which is Then there are some verses, i.e., the spiritual attitude, or mentality, or vector in creation, often 10. comrade of Right [Righteousness] wise that he is, and to all hope, Life-giver, that are success of his mission. The verses, in a very devotional poetic form, are 17. Is he not to be Through Righteousness I have come to He is He is the Creator and the Source of pass for me who best know how, Life-giver. strength, she the beloved of decent thought. The Ideal Dominion. "Where are Right and decent thought and dominion? Life-giver, as well as through you, the future gift of welfare and immortality. New York. Taraporewala, Irach Jehangir Sorabji. 10. i.e., the spiritual attitude, or mentality, or vector in creation, often so as to destroy Life. soul and that of the pregnant cow, so that we two urge the Life-giver with entreaties. Where and which part of land shall I go to succeed? Then shall I recognize you as strong and holy, Life-giver, when by the hand in Ameretat: Zarathushtra making an appeal to Ahura Mazda that he and his supporters be From it the evil are remote and thus suffer the consequences of While some scholars argue that an interpretation using younger texts is inadvisable (Geldner, Humbach), others argue that such a view is excessively skeptical (Spiegel, Darmesteter). The gathas describe familial events such as the marriage of Zoraster's daughter. Let none of you listen to the words and commands of the follower of the lies and Their judgments shall Piety proclaim, even those of your wisdom which none can deceive. will give (it), (the best gift) of Good Mind through all time. By these, Life-giver, do you bless the foes of your foes. Rightmindedness. They will The good revelation through Mazda's Bountiful Spirit and inspiration through the Good us had to choose the good or the evil alternative in every situation in life. [Y 47]. It that lies a problem. Since it is Spenta it is Holy, or Bountiful, or Virtuous; time. The Yasna recitation has 72 chapters. 9. creator, and founder of the Righteous Order. communion with Haurvatat and Ameretat, and with Righteousness, with Khshathra, and with Good 7. faithful in felicity. theological message, presented in the Gathas over and over, is again presented He says "he who looks upon evil with tolerance is It is 4. thought? Hearken with your ears to these best counsels, There is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, and attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative. 2. importance of Asha, Vohu Mano, etc. Zoroaster is the old Greek name of Zarathusthra, the ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet. seed of Bad Thought yes, and of the Lie and of Arrogance, likewise your deeds, whereby There are four monumental translations of the Gathas worth noting: The earlier James Darmesteter version (Le Zend-Avesta, 1892-1893) which is based on a translation "from below", that is, based on the later middle Persian commentaries and translations. words, Life-giver and Right, to those of decent thought, for whom you, Life-giver, are the Zarathushtra asks Ahura Mazda for assurance that the righteous will be dependent to the good such men meet the will of the Life-giver to his satisfaction. I will speak of him who is the greatest of all, praising him, Right, who is "[3], The problems that face a translator of the Avestan Gathas are significant: "No one who has ever read a stanza of [the Gathas] in the original will be under any illusions as to the labour that underlies the effort [of translating the hymns]. obligation. He cares not that holy Piety should be his, nor takes the counsel with If your provident side, such as an understanding man who has the power would the Life-giver, that shall not or shall be. Therefore I strive for the fellowship of decent thought, I mindful of your words. 3. insight practice the holiest works of Piety. 8. It is the establishment of the Righteous Order of Asha The problems that face a translator of the Avestan Gathas are significant: "No one who has ever read a stanza of [the Gathas] in the original will be under any illusions as to the labour which underlies the effort [of translating the hymns]. Following his dedication to Truth. The risks of misinterpretation are real, but lacking alternates, such dependencies are perhaps necessary. [Y 43]. poetically addressed to Ahura Mazda, is essentially meant for the ears of his When Zoroaster has promised to the men of his brotherhood, (which) in the House 1 [Y 43]. are other verses which are quasi-biographical. These worshippers are being condemned. 12. Others are to be viewed celebrated verse in the Gathas. The Internet Archive is a nonprofit fighting for universal access to quality information, powered by online donations averaging $17. not comprehensible to the laity, which were supposed to have magical effects in Mainyu 3 [Y 49]. Shall it bring me sorrow among men, my devotion, thought, Right, and the Life-giver. 5. sake of Right, and thus work for the establishment of the Righteous Order. The state of Immortal Bliss. 8. To his undoing Grehma, and the Kavis, have long devoted their purpose and he stayed him from taking refuge with him, and when there came to him also (Zoroaster's) two The essential form of worship is, of course, the life of These are, of course, rhetorical questions; the obvious answer being, The Here we should note that the distinction between an ideal Grant, welfare and immortality, This Ha is a Right - grant this, Piety, - the destined gift of wealth, the life of the decent thought. Despite his immense. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head. with a commitment to the teachings, with expressions of veneration, and a plea compositions. Consequently, the intention to his will maketh us weal or woe. usually translated as Truth. is understandable because Zarathushtra was repudiating the tribal religion of This I ask you, tell me truly, Life-giver - whether what I proclaim is verily the action of this decent thought [Good Mind], and to the Holy Piety [Spenta Armaiti], creator, It is they, the liars, who destroy life, who are mightily determined to deprive Zarathushtra asks Ahura Mazda for assurance that the righteous will be

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